Method for coding and an apparatus

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a method for encoding, a method for decoding, an apparatus, computer program products, an encoder and a decoder for video information. The motion vector for a block in a video image is predicted from a set of motion vector prediction candidates determined based on previously-coded motion vectors. A motion vector prediction candidate is included in the set based on the location of the block associated with the first spatial motion vector prediction candidate and in comparison with motion vector prediction candidates already in the set.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.13/666,680, filed Nov. 1, 2012, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/555,703, filed Nov. 4, 2011, the entirecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

There is provided a method for encoding, a method for decoding, anapparatus, computer program products, an encoder and a decoder.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

This section is intended to provide a background or context to theinvention that is recited in the claims. The description herein mayinclude concepts that could be pursued, but are not necessarily onesthat have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unlessotherwise indicated herein, what is described in this section is notprior art to the description and claims in this application and is notadmitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section

A video codec may comprise an encoder which transforms input video intoa compressed representation suitable for storage and/or transmission anda decoder that can uncompress the compressed video representation backinto a viewable form, or either one of them. The encoder may discardsome information in the original video sequence in order to representthe video in a more compact form, for example at a lower bit rate.

Many hybrid video codecs, operating for example according to theInternational Telecommunication Union's ITU-T H.263 and H.264 codingstandards, encode video information in two phases. In the first phase,pixel values in a certain picture area or “block” are predicted. Thesepixel values can be predicted, for example, by motion compensationmechanisms, which involve finding and indicating an area in one of thepreviously encoded video frames (or a later coded video frame) thatcorresponds closely to the block being coded. Additionally, pixel valuescan be predicted by spatial mechanisms which involve finding andindicating a spatial region relationship, for example by using pixelvalues around the block to be coded in a specified manner.

Prediction approaches using image information from a previous (or alater) image can also be called as Inter prediction methods, andprediction approaches using image information within the same image canalso be called as Intra prediction methods.

The second phase is one of coding the error between the predicted blockof pixels and the original block of pixels. This may be accomplished bytransforming the difference in pixel values using a specified transform.This transform may be e.g. a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) or avariant thereof. After transforming the difference, the transformeddifference may be quantized and entropy encoded.

By varying the fidelity of the quantization process, the encoder cancontrol the balance between the accuracy of the pixel representation,(in other words, the quality of the picture) and the size of theresulting encoded video representation (in other words, the file size ortransmission bit rate).

The decoder reconstructs the output video by applying a predictionmechanism similar to that used by the encoder in order to form apredicted representation of the pixel blocks (using the motion orspatial information created by the encoder and stored in the compressedrepresentation of the image) and prediction error decoding (the inverseoperation of the prediction error coding to recover the quantizedprediction error signal in the spatial domain).

After applying pixel prediction and error decoding processes the decodercombines the prediction and the prediction error signals (the pixelvalues) to form the output video frame.

The decoder (and encoder) may also apply additional filtering processesin order to improve the quality of the output video before passing itfor display and/or storing as a prediction reference for the forthcomingframes in the video sequence.

In some video codecs, such as High Efficiency Video Coding Working Draft4, video pictures may be divided into coding units (CU) covering thearea of a picture. A coding unit consists of one or more predictionunits (PU) defining the prediction process for the samples within thecoding unit and one or more transform units (TU) defining the predictionerror coding process for the samples in the coding unit. A coding unitmay consist of a square block of samples with a size selectable from apredefined set of possible coding unit sizes. A coding unit with themaximum allowed size can be named as a largest coding unit (LCU) and thevideo picture may be divided into non-overlapping largest coding units.A largest coding unit can further be split into a combination of smallercoding units, e.g. by recursively splitting the largest coding unit andresultant coding units. Each resulting coding unit may have at least oneprediction unit and at least one transform unit associated with it. Eachprediction unit and transform unit can further be split into smallerprediction units and transform units in order to increase granularity ofthe prediction and prediction error coding processes, respectively. Eachprediction unit may have prediction information associated with itdefining what kind of a prediction is to be applied for the pixelswithin that prediction unit (e.g. motion vector information for interpredicted prediction units and intra prediction directionalityinformation for intra predicted prediction units) Similarly, eachtransform unit may be associated with information describing theprediction error decoding process for samples within the transform unit(including e.g. discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficientinformation). It may be signalled at coding unit level whetherprediction error coding is applied or not for each coding unit. In thecase there is no prediction error residual associated with the codingunit, it can be considered there are no transform units for the codingunit. The division of the image into coding units, and division ofcoding units into prediction units and transform units may be signalledin the bitstream allowing the decoder to reproduce the intendedstructure of these units.

In some video codecs, motion information is indicated by motion vectorsassociated with each motion compensated image block. These motionvectors represent the displacement of the image block in the picture tobe coded (in the encoder) or decoded (at the decoder) and the predictionsource block in one of the previously coded or decoded images (orpictures). In order to represent motion vectors efficiently, motionvectors may be coded differentially with respect to block specificpredicted motion vector. In some video codecs, the predicted motionvectors are created in a predefined way, for example by calculating themedian of the encoded or decoded motion vectors of the adjacent blocks.

Another way to create motion vector predictions is to generate a list ora set of candidate predictions from blocks in the current frame and/orco-located or other blocks in temporal reference pictures and signallingthe chosen candidate as the motion vector prediction. A spatial motionvector prediction is a prediction obtained only on the basis ofinformation of one or more blocks of the same frame than the currentframe whereas temporal motion vector prediction is a prediction obtainedon the basis of information of one or more blocks of a frame differentfrom the current frame. It may also be possible to obtain motion vectorpredictions by combining both spatial and temporal predictioninformation of one or more encoded blocks. These kinds of motion vectorpredictions are called as spatio-temporal motion vector predictions.

In addition to predicting the motion vector values, the reference indexin the reference picture list can be predicted. The reference index maybe predicted from blocks in the current frame and/or co-located or otherblocks in a temporal reference picture. Moreover, some high efficiencyvideo codecs employ an additional motion information coding/decodingmechanism, often called merging/merge mode, where all the motion fieldinformation, which includes motion vector and corresponding referencepicture index for each available reference picture list, may bepredicted and used without any modification or correction. Similarly,predicting the motion field information may be carried out using themotion field information of blocks in the current frame and/orco-located or other blocks in temporal reference pictures and the usedmotion field information is signalled among a list of motion fieldcandidate list filled with motion field information of available blocksin the current frame and/or co-located or other blocks in temporalreference pictures.

In some video codecs the prediction residual after motion compensationis first transformed with a transform kernel (like DCT) and then coded.The reason for this is that often there still exists some correlationamong the residual and transform can in many cases help reduce thiscorrelation and provide more efficient coding.

Some video encoders utilize Lagrangian cost functions to find optimalcoding modes, e.g. the desired Macroblock mode and associated motionvectors. This kind of cost function uses a weighting factor λ to tietogether the (exact or estimated) image distortion due to lossy codingmethods and the (exact or estimated) amount of information that isrequired to represent the pixel values in an image area:

C=D+λR  (1)

where C is the Lagrangian cost to be minimized, D is the imagedistortion (e.g. Mean Squared Error) with the mode and motion vectorsconsidered, and R the number of bits needed to represent the requireddata to reconstruct the image block in the decoder (including the amountof data to represent the candidate motion vectors).

Some video codecs such as hybrid video codecs may generate a list ofmotion vector predictions (MVP) consisting of motion vectors of spatialadjacent blocks (spatial MVP) and/or motion vectors of blocks in apreviously decoded frame (temporal MVP). One of the candidate motionvectors in the list is signalled to be used as the motion vectorprediction of the current block. After the list is generated, some ofthe motion vector prediction candidates may have the same motioninformation. In this case, the identical motion vector predictioncandidates may be removed to reduce redundancy. During the decoding, ifthe temporal motion vector prediction information is unavailable due toe.g. loss of reference frame, the decoder may not know if the temporalmotion vector prediction candidate in the list is to be removed. Thismay lead to uncertainty for mapping the decoded candidate index to thecandidates whose removal decision is based on comparing motioninformation with the temporal motion vector prediction. As a result,false assignment of motion vector prediction candidates may occur whichmay lead to degradation in the picture quality and drift of false motioninformation throughout the decoding process.

SUMMARY

The present invention introduces a method for generating a motion vectorprediction list for an image block. In some embodiments video codecsemploy in a motion prediction candidate list construction a way toreduce the complexity of the implementation. This can be achieved byperforming a limited number of motion information comparisons betweencandidate pairs to remove the redundant candidates rather than comparingevery available candidate pair. The decision of whether comparing twocandidates may depend on the order of the candidates to be consideredfor the list and/or coding/prediction mode and/or location of the blocksassociated with the candidates. In some embodiments a video codecemploys a merge process for motion information coding and creates a listof motion prediction candidates from which one of the candidates is tobe signalled as the motion information for the current coding orprediction unit. The motion prediction candidates may consist of severalspatial motion predictions and a temporal motion prediction. The spatialcandidates are obtained from the motion information of e.g. spatialneighbour blocks.

According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided amethod comprising:

receiving a block of pixels including a prediction unit; determining aset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates for the block ofpixels; the spatial motion vector prediction candidates being providedwith motion information;

selecting a first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from theset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included in a mergelist for the prediction unit;

determining a subset of spatial motion vector predictions based on thelocation of the block associated with the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate;

comparing motion information of the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate with motion information of the spatial motionvector prediction candidate in the determined subset of spatial motionvector prediction candidates;

if at least one of the comparisons indicates that the motion vectorinformation of the spatial motion vector prediction candidatescorrespond with each other, excluding the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list.

According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provideda method comprising:

receiving an encoded block of pixels including a prediction unit;

determining a set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates for theencoded block of pixels; the spatial motion vector prediction candidatesbeing provided with motion information;

selecting a first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from theset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included in a mergelist for the prediction unit;

determining a subset of spatial motion vector predictions based on thelocation of the block associated with the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate;

comparing motion information of the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate with motion information of another spatial motionvector prediction candidate of the set of spatial motion vectorprediction candidates;

if at least one of the comparisons indicates that the motion vectorinformation of the spatial motion vector prediction candidatescorrespond with each other, excluding the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list.

According to a third aspect of the present invention there is providedan apparatus comprising a processor and a memory including computerprogram code, the memory and the computer program code configured to,with the processor, cause the apparatus to:

receive a block of pixels

including a prediction unit;

determining a set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates for theblock of pixels; the spatial motion vector prediction candidates beingprovided with motion information;

selecting a first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from theset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included in a mergelist for the prediction unit;

determining a subset of spatial motion vector predictions based on thelocation of the block associated with the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate;

comparing motion information of the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate with motion information of the spatial motionvector prediction candidate in the determined subset of spatial motionvector prediction candidates;

if at least one the comparisons indicates that the motion vectorinformation of the spatial motion vector prediction candidatescorrespond with each other, excluding the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is providedan apparatus comprising a processor and a memory including computerprogram code, the memory and the computer program code configured to,with the processor, cause the apparatus to:

receive an encoded block of pixels

including a prediction unit;

determining a set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates for theencoded block of pixels; the spatial motion vector prediction candidatesbeing provided with motion information;

selecting a first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from theset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included in a mergelist for the prediction unit;

determining a subset of spatial motion vector predictions based on thelocation of the block associated with the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate;

comparing motion information of the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate with motion information of another spatial motionvector prediction candidate of the set of spatial motion vectorprediction candidates;

if at least one of the comparisons indicates that the motion vectorinformation of the spatial motion vector prediction candidatescorrespond with each other, excluding the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided astorage medium having stored thereon a computer executable program codefor use by an encoder, said program code comprises instructions for:

receiving a block of pixels including a prediction unit;

determining a set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates for theblock of pixels; the spatial motion vector prediction candidates beingprovided with motion information;

select a first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from the setof spatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate to be included in a merge list forthe prediction unit;

determine a subset of spatial motion vector predictions based on thelocation of the block associated with the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate;

compare motion information of the first spatial motion vector predictioncandidate with motion information of the spatial motion vectorprediction candidate in the determined subset of spatial motion vectorprediction candidates;

exclude the first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from themerge list, if at least one of the comparisons indicates that the motionvector information of the spatial motion vector prediction candidatescorrespond with each other

According to a sixth aspect of the present invention there is provided astorage medium having stored thereon a computer executable program codefor use by a decoder, said program code comprises instructions for:

receiving an encoded block of pixels including a prediction unit;

determining a set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates for theencoded block of pixels; the spatial motion vector prediction candidatesbeing provided with motion information;

selecting a first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from theset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included in a mergelist for the prediction unit;

determining a subset of spatial motion vector predictions based on thelocation of the block associated with the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate;

comparing motion information of the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate with motion information of the spatial motionvector prediction candidate in the determined subset of spatial motionvector prediction candidates;

if at least one of the comparisons indicates that the motion vectorinformation of the spatial motion vector prediction candidatescorrespond with each other, excluding the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list.

According to a seventh aspect of the present invention there is providedan apparatus comprising:

means for receiving a block of pixels including a prediction unit;

means for determining a set of spatial motion vector predictioncandidates for the block of pixels; the spatial motion vector predictioncandidates being provided with motion information;

selecting a first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from theset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included in a mergelist for the prediction unit;

determining a subset of spatial motion vector predictions based on thelocation of the block associated with the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate;

comparing motion information of the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate with motion information of the spatial motionvector prediction candidate in the determined subset of spatial motionvector prediction candidates;

if at least one of the comparisons indicates that the motion vectorinformation of the spatial motion vector prediction candidatescorrespond with each other, excluding the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list.

According to an eighth aspect of the present invention there is providedan apparatus comprising:

means for receiving an encoded block of pixels including a predictionunit;

means for determining a set of spatial motion vector predictioncandidates for the encoded block of pixels; the spatial motion vectorprediction candidates being provided with motion information;

means for selecting a first spatial motion vector prediction candidatefrom the set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as apotential spatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included in amerge list for the prediction unit;

means for determining a subset of spatial motion vector predictionsbased on the location of the block associated with the first spatialmotion vector prediction candidate;

means for comparing motion information of the first spatial motionvector prediction candidate with motion information of the spatialmotion vector prediction candidate in the determined subset of spatialmotion vector prediction candidates;

means for excluding the first spatial motion vector prediction candidatefrom the merge list, if at least one of the comparisons indicates thatthe motion vector information of the spatial motion vector predictioncandidates correspond with each other.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For better understanding of the present invention, reference will now bemade by way of example to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows schematically an electronic device employing someembodiments of the invention;

FIG. 2 shows schematically a user equipment suitable for employing someembodiments of the invention;

FIG. 3 further shows schematically electronic devices employingembodiments of the invention connected using wireless and wired networkconnections;

FIG. 4a shows schematically an embodiment of the invention asincorporated within an encoder;

FIG. 4b shows schematically an embodiment of a prediction reference listgeneration and modification according to some embodiments of theinvention;

FIGS. 5a and 5b show a flow diagram showing the operation of anembodiment of the invention with respect to the encoder as shown in FIG.4 a;

FIG. 6a illustrates an example of spatial and temporal prediction of aprediction unit;

FIG. 6b illustrates another example of spatial and temporal predictionof a prediction unit;

FIG. 7 shows schematically an embodiment of the invention asincorporated within a decoder;

FIGS. 8a and 8b show a flow diagram of showing the operation of anembodiment of the invention with respect to the decoder shown in FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a coding unit and some neighbour blocksof the coding unit;

FIG. 10a illustrates an example of a horizontal division of the codingunit;

FIG. 10b illustrates an example of a vertical division of the codingunit;

FIG. 1a illustrates locations of five spatial neighbours A0, A1, B0, B1,B2 for a prediction unit generated as the second prediction unit of ahorizontally divided coding unit;

FIG. 11b illustrates locations of five spatial neighbours for aprediction unit generated as the second prediction unit of a verticallydivided coding unit; and

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of blocks between some spatial neighboursof a coding unit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

The following describes in further detail suitable apparatus andpossible mechanisms for the provision of improving the predictionaccuracy and hence possibly reducing information to be transmitted invideo coding systems. In this regard reference is first made to FIG. 1which shows a schematic block diagram of an exemplary apparatus orelectronic device 50, which may incorporate a codec according to anembodiment of the invention.

The electronic device 50 may for example be a mobile terminal or userequipment of a wireless communication system. However, it would beappreciated that embodiments of the invention may be implemented withinany electronic device or apparatus which may require encoding anddecoding or encoding or decoding video images.

The apparatus 50 may comprise a housing 30 for incorporating andprotecting the device. The apparatus 50 further may comprise a display32 in the form of a liquid crystal display. In other embodiments of theinvention the display may be any suitable display technology suitable todisplay an image or video. The apparatus 50 may further comprise akeypad 34. In other embodiments of the invention any suitable data oruser interface mechanism may be employed. For example the user interfacemay be implemented as a virtual keyboard or data entry system as part ofa touch-sensitive display. The apparatus may comprise a microphone 36 orany suitable audio input which may be a digital or analogue signalinput. The apparatus 50 may further comprise an audio output devicewhich in embodiments of the invention may be any one of: an earpiece 38,speaker, or an analogue audio or digital audio output connection. Theapparatus 50 may also comprise a battery 40 (or in other embodiments ofthe invention the device may be powered by any suitable mobile energydevice such as solar cell, fuel cell or clockwork generator). Theapparatus may further comprise an infrared port 42 for short range lineof sight communication to other devices. In other embodiments theapparatus 50 may further comprise any suitable short range communicationsolution such as for example a Bluetooth wireless connection or aUSB/firewire wired connection.

The apparatus 50 may comprise a controller 56 or processor forcontrolling the apparatus 50. The controller 56 may be connected tomemory 58 which in embodiments of the invention may store both data inthe form of image and audio data and/or may also store instructions forimplementation on the controller 56. The controller 56 may further beconnected to codec circuitry 54 suitable for carrying out coding anddecoding of audio and/or video data or assisting in coding and decodingcarried out by the controller 56.

The apparatus 50 may further comprise a card reader 48 and a smart card46, for example a UICC and UICC reader for providing user informationand being suitable for providing authentication information forauthentication and authorization of the user at a network.

The apparatus 50 may comprise radio interface circuitry 52 connected tothe controller and suitable for generating wireless communicationsignals for example for communication with a cellular communicationsnetwork, a wireless communications system or a wireless local areanetwork. The apparatus 50 may further comprise an antenna 44 connectedto the radio interface circuitry 52 for transmitting radio frequencysignals generated at the radio interface circuitry 52 to otherapparatus(es) and for receiving radio frequency signals from otherapparatus(es).

In some embodiments of the invention, the apparatus 50 comprises acamera capable of recording or detecting individual frames which arethen passed to the codec 54 or controller for processing. In someembodiments of the invention, the apparatus may receive the video imagedata for processing from another device prior to transmission and/orstorage. In some embodiments of the invention, the apparatus 50 mayreceive either wirelessly or by a wired connection the image forcoding/decoding.

With respect to FIG. 3, an example of a system within which embodimentsof the present invention can be utilized is shown. The system 10comprises multiple communication devices which can communicate throughone or more networks. The system 10 may comprise any combination ofwired or wireless networks including, but not limited to a wirelesscellular telephone network (such as a GSM, UMTS, CDMA network etc), awireless local area network (WLAN) such as defined by any of the IEEE802.x standards, a Bluetooth personal area network, an Ethernet localarea network, a token ring local area network, a wide area network, andthe Internet.

The system 10 may include both wired and wireless communication devicesor apparatus 50 suitable for implementing embodiments of the invention.

For example, the system shown in FIG. 3 shows a mobile telephone network11 and a representation of the internet 28. Connectivity to the internet28 may include, but is not limited to, long range wireless connections,short range wireless connections, and various wired connectionsincluding, but not limited to, telephone lines, cable lines, powerlines, and similar communication pathways.

The example communication devices shown in the system 10 may include,but are not limited to, an electronic device or apparatus 50, acombination of a personal digital assistant (PDA) and a mobile telephone14, a PDA 16, an integrated messaging device (IMD) 18, a desktopcomputer 20, a notebook computer 22. The apparatus 50 may be stationaryor mobile when carried by an individual who is moving. The apparatus 50may also be located in a mode of transport including, but not limitedto, a car, a truck, a taxi, a bus, a train, a boat, an airplane, abicycle, a motorcycle or any similar suitable mode of transport.

Some or further apparatuses may send and receive calls and messages andcommunicate with service providers through a wireless connection 25 to abase station 24. The base station 24 may be connected to a networkserver 26 that allows communication between the mobile telephone network11 and the internet 28. The system may include additional communicationdevices and communication devices of various types.

The communication devices may communicate using various transmissiontechnologies including, but not limited to, code division multipleaccess (CDMA), global systems for mobile communications (GSM), universalmobile telecommunications system (UMTS), time divisional multiple access(TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), transmission controlprotocol-internet protocol (TCP-IP), short messaging service (SMS),multimedia messaging service (MMS), email, instant messaging service(IMS), Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and any similar wireless communicationtechnology. A communications device involved in implementing variousembodiments of the present invention may communicate using various mediaincluding, but not limited to, radio, infrared, laser, cableconnections, and any suitable connection.

With respect to FIG. 4a , a block diagram of a video encoder suitablefor carrying out embodiments of the invention is shown. Furthermore,with respect to FIGS. 5a and 5b , the operation of the encoderexemplifying embodiments of the invention specifically with respect toconstruction of the list of candidate predictions is shown as a flowdiagram.

FIG. 4a shows the encoder as comprising a pixel predictor 302,prediction error encoder 303 and prediction error decoder 304. FIG. 4aalso shows an embodiment of the pixel predictor 302 as comprising aninter-predictor 306, an intra-predictor 308, a mode selector 310, afilter 316, and a reference frame memory 318. In this embodiment themode selector 310 comprises a block processor 381 and a cost evaluator382. The encoder may further comprise an entropy encoder 330 for entropyencoding the bit stream.

FIG. 4b depicts an embodiment of the inter predictor 306. The interpredictor 306 comprises a reference frame selector 360 for selectingreference frame or frames, a motion vector definer 361, a predictionlist modifier 363 and a motion vector selector 364. These elements orsome of them may be part of a prediction processor 362 or they may beimplemented by using other means.

The pixel predictor 302 receives the image 300 to be encoded at both theinter-predictor 306 (which determines the difference between the imageand a motion compensated reference frame 318) and the intra-predictor308 (which determines a prediction for an image block based only on thealready processed parts of the current frame or picture). The output ofboth the inter-predictor and the intra-predictor may be passed to themode selector 310. The intra-predictor 308 may have more than oneintra-prediction modes. Hence, each mode may perform theintra-prediction and provide the predicted signal to the mode selector310. The mode selector 310 also receives a copy of the image 300.

The mode selector 310 determines which encoding mode to use to encodethe current block. If the mode selector 310 decides to use aninter-prediction mode it will pass the output of the inter-predictor 306to the output of the mode selector 310. If the mode selector 310 decidesto use an intra-prediction mode it will pass the output of one of theintra-predictor modes to the output of the mode selector 310.

The output of the mode selector is passed to a first summing device 321.The first summing device may subtract the pixel predictor 302 outputfrom the image 300 to produce a first prediction error signal 320 whichis input to the prediction error encoder 303.

The pixel predictor 302 further receives from a preliminaryreconstructor 339 the combination of the prediction representation ofthe image block 312 and the output 338 of the prediction error decoder304. The preliminary reconstructed image 314 may be passed to theintra-predictor 308 and to a filter 316. The filter 316 receiving thepreliminary representation may filter the preliminary representation andoutput a final reconstructed image 340 which may be saved in a referenceframe memory 318. The reference frame memory 318 may be connected to theinter-predictor 306 to be used as the reference image against which thefuture image 300 is compared in inter-prediction operations.

The operation of the pixel predictor 302 may be configured to carry outany known pixel prediction algorithm known in the art.

The pixel predictor 302 may also comprise a filter 385 to filter thepredicted values before outputting them from the pixel predictor 302.

The operation of the prediction error encoder 302 and prediction errordecoder 304 will be described hereafter in further detail. In thefollowing examples the encoder generates images in terms of 16×16 pixelmacroblocks which go to form the full image or picture. Thus, for thefollowing examples the pixel predictor 302 outputs a series of predictedmacroblocks of size 16×16 pixels and the first summing device 321outputs a series of 16×16 pixel residual data macroblocks which mayrepresent the difference between a first macro-block in the image 300against a predicted macro-block (output of pixel predictor 302). Itwould be appreciated that other size macro blocks may be used.

The prediction error encoder 303 comprises a transform block 342 and aquantizer 344. The transform block 342 transforms the first predictionerror signal 320 to a transform domain. The transform is, for example,the DCT transform. The quantizer 344 quantizes the transform domainsignal, e.g. the DCT coefficients, to form quantized coefficients.

The prediction error decoder 304 receives the output from the predictionerror encoder 303 and performs the opposite processes of the predictionerror encoder 303 to produce a decoded prediction error signal 338 whichwhen combined with the prediction representation of the image block 312at the second summing device 339 produces the preliminary reconstructedimage 314. The prediction error decoder may be considered to comprise adequantizer 346, which dequantizes the quantized coefficient values,e.g. DCT coefficients, to reconstruct the transform signal and aninverse transformation block 348, which performs the inversetransformation to the reconstructed transform signal wherein the outputof the inverse transformation block 348 contains reconstructed block(s).The prediction error decoder may also comprise a macroblock filter (notshown) which may filter the reconstructed macroblock according tofurther decoded information and filter parameters.

In the following the operation of an example embodiment of the interpredictor 306 will be described in more detail. The inter predictor 306receives the current block for inter prediction. It is assumed that forthe current block there already exists one or more neighbouring blockswhich have been encoded and motion vectors have been defined for them.For example, the block on the left side and/or the block above thecurrent block may be such blocks. Spatial motion vector predictions forthe current block can be formed e.g. by using the motion vectors of theencoded neighbouring blocks and/or of non-neighbour blocks in the sameslice or frame, using linear or non-linear functions of spatial motionvector predictions, using a combination of various spatial motion vectorpredictors with linear or non-linear operations, or by any otherappropriate means that do not make use of temporal referenceinformation. It may also be possible to obtain motion vector predictorsby combining both spatial and temporal prediction information of one ormore encoded blocks. These kinds of motion vector predictors may also becalled as spatio-temporal motion vector predictors.

Reference frames used in encoding the neighbouring blocks have beenstored to the reference frame memory 404. The reference frames may beshort term references or long term references and each reference framemay have a unique index indicative of the location of the referenceframe in the reference frame memory. When a reference frame is no longerused as a reference frame it may be removed from the reference framememory or marked as a non-reference frame wherein the storage locationof that reference frame may be occupied for a new reference frame. Inaddition to the reference frames of the neighbouring blocks thereference frame selector 360 may also select one or more other frames aspotential reference frames and store them to the reference frame memory.

Motion vector information of encoded blocks is also stored into thememory so that the inter predictor 306 is able to retrieve the motionvector information when processing motion vector candidates for thecurrent block.

In some embodiments the motion vectors are stored into one or morelists. For example, motion vectors of uni-directionally predicted frames(e.g. P-frames) may be stored to a list called as list 0. Forbi-directionally predicted frames (e.g. B-frames) there may be two lists(list 0 and list 1) and for multi-predicted frames there may be morethan two lists. Reference frame indices possibly associated with themotion vectors may also be stored in one or more lists.

In some embodiments there may be two or more motion vector predictionprocedures and each procedure may have its own candidate set creationprocess. In one procedure, only the motion vector values are used. Inanother procedure, which may be called as a Merge Mode, each candidateelement may comprise 1) The information whether ‘block was uni-predictedusing only list0’ or ‘block was uni-predicted using only list1’ or‘block was bi-predicted using list0 and list1’ 2) motion vector valuefor list0 3) Reference picture index in list0 4) motion vector value forlist1 5) Reference picture index list1. Therefore, whenever twoprediction candidates are to be compared, not only the motion vectorvalues are compared, but also the five values mentioned above may becompared to determine whether they correspond with each other or not. Onthe other hand, if any of the comparisons indicate that the predictioncandidates do not have equal motion information, no further comparisonsneed be performed.

The motion vector definer 361 defines candidate motion vectors for thecurrent frame by using one or more of the motion vectors of one or moreneighbour blocks and/or other blocks of the current block in the sameframe and/or co-located blocks and/or other blocks of the current blockin one or more other frames. These candidate motion vectors can becalled as a set of candidate predictors or a predictor set. Eachcandidate predictor thus represents the motion vector of one or morealready encoded block. In some embodiments the motion vector of thecandidate predictor is set equal to the motion vector of a neighbourblock for the same list if the current block and the neighbour blockrefer to the same reference frames for that list. Also for temporalprediction there may be one or more previously encoded frames whereinmotion vectors of a co-located block or other blocks in a previouslyencoded frame can be selected as candidate predictors for the currentblock. The temporal motion vector predictor candidate can be generatedby any means that make use of the frames other than the current frame.

The candidate motion vectors can also be obtained by using more than onemotion vector of one or more other blocks such as neighbour blocks ofthe current block and/or co-located blocks in one or more other frames.As an example, any combination of the motion vector of the block to theleft of the current block, the motion vector of the block above thecurrent block, and the motion vector of the block at the up-right cornerof the current block may be used (i.e. the block to the right of theblock above the current block). The combination may be a median of themotion vectors or calculated by using other formulas. For example, oneor more of the motion vectors to be used in the combination may bescaled by a scaling factor, an offset may be added, and/or a constantmotion vector may be added. In some embodiments the combined motionvector is based on both temporal and spatial motion vectors, e.g. themotion vector of one or more of the neighbour block or other block ofthe current block and the motion vector of a co-located block or otherblock in another frame.

If a neighbour block does not have any motion vector information adefault motion vector such as a zero motion vector may be used instead.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a coding unit 900 and some neighbourblocks 901-905 of the coding unit. As can be seen from FIG. 9, if thecoding unit 900 represents the current block, the neighbouring blocks901-905 labelled A0, A1, B0, B1 and B2 could be such neighbour blockswhich may be used when obtaining the candidate motion vectors.

Creating additional or extra motion vector predictions based onpreviously added predictors may be needed when the current number ofcandidates is limited or insufficient. This kind of creating additionalcandidates can be performed by combining previous two predictions and/orprocessing one previous candidate by scaling or adding offset and/oradding a zero motion vector with various reference indices. Hence, themotion vector definer 361 may examine how many motion vector candidatescan be defined and how many potential candidate motion vectors exist forthe current block. If the number of potential motion vector candidatesis smaller than a threshold, the motion vector definer 361 may createadditional motion vector predictions.

In some embodiments the combined motion vector can be based on motionvectors in different lists. For example, one motion vector may bedefined by combining one motion vector from the list 0 and one motionvector from the list 1 e.g. when the neighbouring or co-located block isa bi-directionally predicted block and there exists one motion vector inthe list 0 and one motion vector in the list 1 for the bi-directionallypredicted block.

To distinguish the current block from the encoded/decoded blocks themotion vectors of which are used as candidate motion vectors, thoseencoded/decoded blocks are also called as reference blocks in thisapplication.

In some embodiments not only the motion vector information of thereference block(s) is obtained (e.g. by copying) but also a referenceindex of the reference block in the reference picture list may be copiedto the candidate list. The information whether the block wasuni-predicted using only list0 or the block was uni-predicted using onlylist1 or the block was bi-predicted using list0 and list1 may also becopied. The candidate list may also be called as a candidate set or aset of motion vector prediction candidates.

FIG. 6a illustrates an example of spatial and temporal prediction of aprediction unit. There is depicted the current block 601 in the frame600 and a neighbour block 602 which already has been encoded. The motionvector definer 361 has defined a motion vector 603 for the neighbourblock 602 which points to a block 604 in the previous frame 605. Thismotion vector can be used as a potential spatial motion vectorprediction 610 for the current block. FIG. 6a depicts that a co-locatedblock 606 in the previous frame 605, i.e. the block at the same locationthan the current block but in the previous frame, has a motion vector607 pointing to a block 609 in another frame 608. This motion vector 607can be used as a potential temporal motion vector prediction-611 for thecurrent frame.

FIG. 6b illustrates another example of spatial and temporal predictionof a prediction unit. In this example the block 606 of the previousframe 605 uses bi-directional prediction based on the block 609 of theframe preceding the frame 605 and on the block 612 succeeding thecurrent frame 600. The temporal motion vector prediction for the currentblock 601 may be formed by using both the motion vectors 607, 614 oreither of them.

The operation of the prediction list modifier 363 will now be describedin more detail with reference to the flow diagram of FIGS. 5a and 5b .The prediction list modifier 363 initializes a motion vector predictionlist to default values in block 500 of FIG. 5a . The prediction listmodifier 363 may also initialize a list index to an initial value suchas zero. Then, in block 501 the prediction list modifier checks whetherthere are any motion vector candidates to process. If there is at leastone motion vector candidate in the predictor set for processing, theprediction list modifier 363 generates the next motion vector candidatewhich may be a temporal motion vector or a spatial motion vector. Thecomparison can be an identicality/equivalence check or comparing the(absolute) difference against a threshold or any other similaritymetric.

In the following, a merge process for motion information codingaccording to an example embodiment will be described in more detail. Theencoder creates a list of motion prediction candidates from which one ofthe candidates is to be signalled as the motion information for thecurrent coding unit or prediction unit. The motion prediction candidatesmay consist of several spatial motion predictions and a temporal motionprediction. The spatial candidates can be obtained from the motioninformation of e.g. the spatial neighbour blocks A0, A1, B0, B1, B2,whose motion information is used as spatial candidate motionpredictions. The temporal motion prediction candidate may be obtained byprocessing the motion of a block in a frame other than the currentframe. In this example embodiment, the encoder operations to constructthe merge list for the spatial candidates may include the following. Theoperations may be carried out by the prediction list modifier 363, forexample.

A maximum number of spatial motion prediction candidates to be includedin the merge list may be defined. This maximum number may have beenstored, for example, to the memory 58 of the apparatus 50, or to anotherappropriate place. It is also possible to determine the maximum numberby using other means, or it may be determined in the software of theencoder of the apparatus 50.

In some embodiments the maximum number of spatial motion predictioncandidates to be included in the merge list is four but in someembodiments the maximum number may be less than four or greater thanfour.

In this example the spatial motion prediction candidates are the spatialneighbour blocks A0, A1, B0, B1, B2. The spatial motion vectorprediction candidate A1 is located on the left side of the predictionunit when the encoding/decoding order is from left to right and from topto bottom of the frame, slice or another entity to be encoded/decoded.Respectively, the spatial motion vector prediction candidate B1 islocated above the prediction unit. third; the spatial motion vectorprediction candidate B0 is on the right side of the spatial motionvector prediction candidate B1; the spatial motion vector predictioncandidate A0 is below the spatial motion vector prediction candidate A1;and the spatial motion vector prediction candidate B2 is located on thesame column than spatial motion vector prediction candidate A1 and onthe same row than the spatial motion vector prediction candidate B1. Inother words, the spatial motion vector prediction candidate B2 iscornerwise neighbouring the prediction unit as can be seen e.g. fromFIG. 9.

These spatial motion prediction candidates can be processed in apredetermined order, for example, A1, B1, B0, A0 and B2. The firstspatial motion prediction candidate to be selected for furtherexamination is thus A1. Before further examination is performed for theselected spatial motion prediction candidate, it may be determinedwhether the merge list already contains a maximum number of spatialmotion prediction candidates. Hence, the prediction list modifier 363compares 502 the number of spatial motion prediction candidates in themerge list with the maximum number, and if the number of spatial motionprediction candidates in the merge list is not less than the maximumnumber, the selected spatial motion prediction candidate is not includedin the merge list and the process of constructing the merge list can bestopped 526. On the other hand, if the number of spatial motionprediction candidates in the merge list is less than the maximum number,a further analyses of the selected spatial motion prediction candidateis performed (blocks 504-522).

For all the spatial motion prediction candidates for which the furtheranalyses is to be performed, some or all of the following conditionsbelow may be tested for determining whether to include the spatialmotion prediction candidate in the merge list.

The prediction list modifier 363 examines 504 if the prediction unit orblock covering the spatial motion prediction candidate block is notavailable for motion prediction. If so, the candidate is not included inthe merge list. The reason that the block is not available may be thatthe block is either coded in intra mode or resides in a different sliceor outside of the picture area.

In addition to the common conditions above, for each spatial motionprediction candidate, if any of the following conditions holds, then thecandidate is not included in the merge list, otherwise, it is included.

The prediction list modifier 363 determines 506 which spatial motionprediction candidate of the set of spatial motion prediction candidatesis in question. If the spatial motion prediction candidate is the blockA1, one or more of the following conditions may be examined 508, 510 todetermine whether to include this spatial motion prediction candidate inthe merge list or not. If the current coding unit 100 is verticallysplit into two rectangle prediction units 103, 104 as depicted in FIG.10b and the current prediction unit is the second prediction unit 104 inthe coding/decoding order (508), this spatial motion predictioncandidate is not included in the merge list. If the current coding unit100 is not vertically split into two rectangle prediction units but itis horizontally split into two rectangle prediction units 101, 102 asdepicted in FIG. 10a and the current prediction unit is the secondprediction unit in the coding/decoding order and the block A1 has thesame motion information as the block B1 (510), this spatial motionprediction candidate (block A1) is not included in the merge list. Inthe example of FIG. 10a the second prediction unit is the lowerprediction unit 102 of the coding unit 100 and in the example of FIG.10b the second prediction unit is the rightmost prediction unit 104 ofthe coding unit 100. If none of the conditions above is fulfilled theblock A1 is included in the merge list as a spatial motion predictioncandidate (524).

If the spatial motion prediction candidate is the block B1, one or moreof the following conditions may be examined 512, 514 to determinewhether to include this spatial motion prediction candidate in the mergelist or not. If the current coding unit 100 is horizontally split intotwo rectangle prediction units 101, 102 as depicted in FIG. 10a and thecurrent prediction unit is the second prediction unit 104 in thecoding/decoding order (512), this spatial motion prediction candidate isnot included in the merge list. If the current coding unit 100 is nothorizontally split into two rectangle prediction units and if the blockB1 has the same motion information than the block A1 (514), this spatialmotion prediction candidate (block B1) is not included in the mergelist. If none of the conditions above is fulfilled the block B1 isincluded in the merge list as a spatial motion prediction candidate(524).

If the spatial motion prediction candidate is the block B0, this spatialmotion prediction candidate is not included in the merge list if theblock B0 has the same motion information than the block B1 (516).Otherwise, if the number of spatial motion prediction candidates in themerge list is less than the maximum number of spatial motion predictioncandidates, this spatial motion prediction candidate (block B0) isincluded in the merge list (524).

If the spatial motion prediction candidate is the block A0, this spatialmotion prediction candidate is not included in the merge list if theblock A0 has the same motion information than the block A1 (518).Otherwise, if the number of spatial motion prediction candidates in themerge list is less than the maximum number of spatial motion predictioncandidates, this spatial motion prediction candidate (block A0) isincluded in the merge list (524).

If the spatial motion prediction candidate is the block B2, this spatialmotion prediction candidate is not included in the merge list if themaximum number of spatial motion prediction candidates is four and theother blocks A0, A1, B0, and B1 are all decided to be included in themerge list (520). Otherwise, if the number of spatial motion predictioncandidates in the merge list is less than the maximum number of spatialmotion prediction candidates, the block B2 is not included in the mergelist if the block B2 has the same motion information than the block B1or the block A1 (522).

Then, after processing the blocks A1, B1, B0, A0 and B2 and including asubset of them in the merge list based on the above describedconditions, no more redundancy check between these candidates areperformed and remaining temporal motion prediction candidate and/orother possible additional candidates may be processed.

Comparing two blocks whether they have the same motion may be performedby comparing all the elements of the motion information, namely 1) Theinformation whether ‘the prediction unit is uni-predicted using onlyreference picture list0’ or ‘the prediction unit is uni-predicted usingonly reference picture list1’ or ‘the prediction unit is bi-predictedusing both reference picture list0 and list1’ 2) Motion vector valuecorresponding to the reference picture list0 3) Reference picture indexin the reference picture list0 4) Motion vector value corresponding tothe reference picture list1 5) Reference picture index in the referencepicture list1.

In some embodiments similar restrictions for comparing candidate pairscan be applied if the current coding unit is coded/decoded by splittinginto four or any number of prediction units.

The maximum number of merge list candidates can be any non-zero value.In the example above the merger list candidates were the spatialneighbour blocks A0, A1, B0, B1, B2 and the temporal motion predictioncandidate, but there may be more than one temporal motion predictioncandidate and also other spatial motion prediction candidates than thespatial neighbour blocks. In some embodiments there may also be otherspatial neighbour blocks than the blocks A0, A1, B0, B1, B2.

It is also possible that the maximum number of spatial motion predictioncandidates included in the list can be different than four.

In some embodiments the maximum number of merge list candidates andmaximum number of spatial motion prediction candidates included in thelist can depend on whether a temporal motion vector candidate isincluded in the list or not.

A different number of spatial motion prediction candidates located atvarious locations in the current frame can be processed. The locationscan be the same as or different than A1, B1, B0, A0 and B2.

The decision of including which spatial motion prediction candidates inthe list can be realized in two steps. In the first step, some of thecandidates are eliminated by checking whether the candidate block isavailable and/or the candidate block's prediction mode is intra and/orwhether the current block is a second prediction unit of a coding unitcoded with two prediction units and the candidate has the same motionwith the first prediction unit. In the second step, remaining candidatesare examined and some or all of them are included in the merge list. Theexamination in the second step does not include comparing motioninformation of each possible candidate pair but includes a subset of thepossible comparison combinations.

The decisions for the candidates can be taken in any order of A1, B1,B0, A0 and B2 or independently in parallel.

For each candidate and/or a subset of the candidates, the followingconditions may also be checked: Whether the candidate block has the samemotion as the first prediction unit of the current coding unit when thecurrent coding unit is split into two rectangle prediction units and thecurrent prediction unit is the second prediction unit in thecoding/decoding order.

Additional conditions related to various properties of current and/orprevious slices and/or current and/or neighbour blocks can be utilizedfor determining whether to include a candidate in the list.

Motion comparison can be realized by comparing a subset of the wholemotion information. For example, only the motion vector values for someor all reference picture lists and/or reference indices for some or allreference picture lists and/or an identifier value assigned to eachblock to represent its motion information can be compared. Thecomparison can be an identicality or an equivalence check or comparingthe (absolute) difference against a threshold or any other similaritymetric.

Conditions for deciding whether a candidate is to be included in thelist can include motion information comparison with any subset of thecandidates as long as not all possible candidate pairs are comparedeventually.

Deciding whether a temporal motion vector candidate is to be included inthe list can be based on comparing its motion information with motioninformation of a subset of the spatial motion vector predictioncandidates.

When comparing motion information of two blocks, motion information ofadditional blocks can be considered too. For example, when comparing theblock B2 and the block A1, all the blocks between the block B2 and theblock A1 (illustrated in FIG. 12) are checked whether they have the samemotion; and when comparing the block B2 and the block B1, all the blocksbetween the block B2 and the block B1 (illustrated in FIG. 12) arechecked whether they have the same motion. This embodiment can beimplemented so that the right-most block of each prediction unit or allblocks of each prediction unit may store the information of how manyconsecutive blocks to the above have the same motion information. Alsothe bottom-most block of each prediction unit or all blocks of eachprediction unit may store the information of how many consecutive blocksto the left have the same motion information. Using this information thecondition for not including B0 in the list can be realized by checkingif the number of consecutive blocks with the same motion to the left ofB0 is greater than 0. The condition for not including A0 in the list canbe realized by checking if the number of consecutive blocks with samemotion to the above of A0 is greater than 0. The conditions for notincluding B2 can be modified as follows:

It is not examined whether the block B2 has same motion as the block B1or whether the block B2 has same motion as the block A1, but how manyconsecutive blocks exists to the left of the block B1 with the samemotion than the block B1 and/or how many consecutive blocks exist abovethe block A1 with the same motion. If the number of consecutive blockswith the same motion to the left of the block B1 is greater than thenumber of blocks between B2 and B1, or if the number of consecutiveblocks with the same motion above the block A1 is greater than thenumber of blocks between the block B2 and the block A1, the block B2 isnot included in the merge list.

If the above implementation is used, the value of how many consecutiveblocks to the left/above have the same motion information can bedetermined by direct comparison of motion information or checking theprediction mode and/or the merge index if the block employs a mergeprocess.

When coding/decoding the selected merge index, the information whetherthe merge process is employed for coding/decoding a Skip mode codingunit or an Inter Merge mode prediction unit can be taken into account.For example, if a context adaptive binary arithmetic coder (CABAC) isused for entropy coding/decoding, different contexts can be used for thebins depending on the coding mode (Skip mode or inter merge mode) of thecurrent block. Furthermore, assigning two contexts depending on whetherthe merge process is employed in a Skip mode coding unit or an interMerge mode prediction unit can be applied for only the most significantbin of the merge index.

During the process of removal of redundant candidates, comparisonbetween motion vector predictor candidates can also be based on anyother information than the motion vector values. For example, it can bebased on linear or non-linear functions of motion vector values, codingor prediction types of the blocks used to obtain the motion information,block size, the spatial location in the frame/(largest) codingunit/macroblock, the information whether blocks share the same motionwith a block, the information whether blocks are in the samecoding/prediction unit, etc.

The following pseudo code illustrates an example embodiment of theinvention for constructing the merging list.

Inputs to this process are

a luma location (xP, yP) specifying the top-left luma sample of thecurrent prediction unit relative to the top-left sample of the currentpicture;

variables specifying the width and the height of the prediction unit forluma, nPSW and nPSH; and

a variable PartIdx specifying the index of the current prediction unitwithin the current coding unit.

Outputs of this process are (with N being replaced by A₀, A₁, B₀, B₁ orB₂ and with X being replaced by 0 or 1)

the availability flags availableFlagN of the neighbouring predictionunits,

the reference indices refIdxLXN of the neighbouring prediction units,

the prediction list utilization flags predFlagLXN of the neighbouringprediction units,

the motion vectors mvLXN of the neighbouring prediction units.

For the derivation of availableFlagN, with N being A₀, A₁, B₀, B₁ or B₂and (xN, yN) being (xP−1, yP+nPSH), (xP−1, yP+nPSH−1), (xP+nPSW, yP−1),(xP+nPSW−1, yP−1) or (xP−1, yP−1), the following applies.

If one of the following conditions is true, the availableFlagN is setequal to 0, both components mvLXN are set equal to 0, refIdxLXN andpredFlagLX[xN, yN] of the prediction unit covering luma location (xN,yN) are assigned respectively to mvLXN, refIdxLXN and predFlagLXN.

N is equal to B₂ andavailableFlagA₀+availableFlagA₁+availableFlagB₀+availableFlagB₁ is equalto 4.

The prediction unit covering luma location (xN, yN) is not available orPredMode is MODE_INTRA.

N is equal to A1 and PartMode of the current prediction unit isPART_N×2N or PART_nL×2N or PART_nR×2N and PartIdx is equal to 1.

N is equal to A1 and PartMode of the current prediction unit isPART_2N×N or PART_2N×nU or PART_2N×nD and PartIdx is equal to 1 and theprediction units covering luma location (xP+nPSW−1, yP−1) (N=B1) andluma location (xN, yN) (Cand. N) have identical motion parameters:

mvLX[xP+nPSW−1,yP−1]==mvLX[xN,yN]

refIdxLX[xP+nPSW−1,yP−1]==refIdxLX[xN,yN]

predFlagLX[xP+nPSW−1,yP−1]==predFlagLX[xN,yN]

N is equal to B1 and PartMode of the current prediction unit is 2N×N orPART_2N×nU or PART_2N×nD and PartIdx is equal to 1.

N is equal to B1 and the prediction units covering luma location (xP−1,yP+nPSH−1) (N=A1) and luma location (xN, yN) (Cand. N) have identicalmotion parameters:

mvLX[xP−1,yP+nPSH−1]==mvLX[xN,yN]

refIdxLX[xP−1,yP+nPSH−1]==refIdxLX[xN,yN]

predFlagLX[xP−1,yP+nPSH−1]==predFlagLX[xN,yN]

N is equal to B0 and the prediction units covering luma location(xP+nPSW−1, yP−1) (N=B1) and luma location (xN, yN) (Cand. N) haveidentical motion parameters:

mvLX[xP+nPSW−1,yP−1]==mvLX[xN,yN]

refIdxLX[xP+nPSW−1,yP−1]==refIdxLX[xN,yN]

predFlagLX[xP+nPSW−1,yP−1]==predFlagLX[xN,yN]

N is equal to A0 and the prediction units covering luma location (xP−1,yP+nPSH−1) (N=A1) and luma location (xN, yN) (Cand. N) have identicalmotion parameters:

mvLX[xP−1,yP+nPSH−1]==mvLX[xN,yN]

refIdxLX[xP−1,yP+nPSH−1]==refIdxLX[xN,yN]

predFlagLX[xP−1,yP+nPSH−1]==predFlagLX[xN,yN]

N is equal to B2 and the prediction units covering luma location(xP+nPSW−1, yP−1) (N=B1) and luma location (xN, yN) (Cand. N) haveidentical motion parameters:

mvLX[xP+nPSW−1,yP−1]==mvLX[xN,yN]

refIdxLX[xP+nPSW−1,yP−1]==refIdxLX[xN,yN]

predFlagLX[xP+nPSW−1,yP−1]==predFlagLX[xN,yN]

N is equal to B2 and the prediction units covering luma location (xP−1,yP+nPSH−1) (N=A1) and luma location (xN, yN) (Cand. N) have identicalmotion parameters:

mvLX[xP−1,yP+nPSH−1]==mvLX[xN,yN]

refIdxLX[xP−1,yP+nPSH−1]==refIdxLX[xN,yN]

predFlagLX[xP−1,yP+nPSH−1]==predFlagLX[xN,yN]

PartMode of the current prediction unit is PART_N×N and PartIdx is equalto 3 and the prediction units covering luma location (xP−1, yP)(PartIdx=2) and luma location (xP−1, yP−1) (PartIdx=0) have identicalmotion parameters:

mvLX[xP−1,yP]==mvLX[xP−1,yP−1]

refIdxLX[xP−1,yP]==refIdxLX[xP−1,yP−1]

predFlagLX[xP−1,yP]==predFlagLX[xP−1,yP−1]

and the prediction units covering luma location (xP, yP−1) (PartIdx=1)and luma location (xN, yN) (Cand. N) have identical motion parameters:

mvLX[xP,yP−1]==mvLX[xN,yN]

refIdxLX[xP,yP−1]==refIdxLX[xN,yN]

predFlagLX[xP,yP−1]==predFlagLX[xN,yN]

PartMode of the current prediction unit is PART_N×N and PartIdx is equalto 3 and the prediction units covering luma location (xP, yP−1)(PartIdx=1) and luma location (xP−1, yP−1) (PartIdx=0) have identicalmotion parameters:

mvLX[xP,yP−1]==mvLX[xP−1,yP−1]

refIdxLX[xP,yP−1]==refIdxLX[xP−1,yP−1]

predFlagLX[xP,yP−1]==predFlagLX[xP−1,yP−1]

and the prediction units covering luma location (xP−1, yP) (PartIdx=2)and luma location (xN, yN) (Cand. N) have identical motion parameters:

mvLX[xP−1,yP]==mvLX[xN,yN]

refIdxLX[xP−1,yP]==refIdxLX[xN,yN]

predFlagLX[xP−1,yP]==predFlagLX[xN,yN]

Otherwise, availableFlagN is set equal to 1 and the variables mvLX[xN,yN], refIdxLX[xN, yN] and predFlagLX[xN, yN] of the prediction unitcovering luma location (xN, yN) are assigned respectively to mvLXN,refIdxLXN and predFlagLXN.

For the motion vector predictor candidate list generation process, eachlist candidate can include more information than the motion vectorvalue, such as the reference lists used, the reference frames used ineach list and motion vector for each list.

When all motion vector candidates have been examined, one motion vectoris selected to be used as the motion vector for the current block. Themotion vector selector 364 may examine different motion vectors in thelist and determine which motion vector provides the most efficientencoding result, or the selection of the motion vector may be based onto other criteria as well. Information of the selected motion vector isprovided for the mode selector for encoding and transmission to thedecoder or for storage when the mode selector determines to use interprediction for the current block. The information may include the indexof the motion vector in the list, and/or motion vector parameters orother appropriate information.

The selected motion vector and the block relating to the motion vectoris used to generate the prediction representation of the image block 312which is provided as the output of the mode selector. The output may beused by the first summing device 321 to produce the first predictionerror signal 320, as was described above.

The selected motion vector predictor candidate can be modified by addinga motion vector difference or can be used directly as the motion vectorof the block. Moreover, after the motion compensation is performed byusing the selected motion vector predictor candidate, the residualsignal of the block can be transform coded or skipped to be coded.

Although the embodiments above have been described with respect to thesize of the macroblock being 16×16 pixels, it would be appreciated thatthe methods and apparatus described may be configured to handlemacroblocks of different pixel sizes.

In the following the operation of an example embodiment of the decoder600 is depicted in more detail with reference to FIG. 7.

At the decoder side similar operations are performed to reconstruct theimage blocks. FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of a video decoder 700suitable for employing embodiments of the invention and FIGS. 8a and 8bshow a flow diagram of an example of a method in the video decoder. Thebitstream to be decoded may be received from the encoder, from a networkelement, from a storage medium or from another source. The decoder isaware of the structure of the bitstream so that it can determine themeaning of the entropy coded codewords and may decode the bitstream byan entropy decoder 701 which performs entropy decoding on the receivedsignal. The entropy decoder thus performs the inverse operation to theentropy encoder 330 of the encoder described above. The entropy decoder701 outputs the results of the entropy decoding to a prediction errordecoder 702 and a pixel predictor 704.

In some embodiments the entropy coding may not be used but anotherchannel encoding may be in use, or the encoded bitstream may be providedto the decoder 700 without channel encoding. The decoder 700 maycomprise a corresponding channel decoder to obtain the encoded codewordsfrom the received signal.

The pixel predictor 704 receives the output of the entropy decoder 701.The output of the entropy decoder 701 may include an indication on theprediction mode used in encoding the current block. A predictor selector714 within the pixel predictor 704 determines that an intra-predictionor an inter-prediction is to be carried out. The predictor selector 714may furthermore output a predicted representation of an image block 716to a first combiner 713. The predicted representation of the image block716 is used in conjunction with the reconstructed prediction errorsignal 712 to generate a preliminary reconstructed image 718. Thepreliminary reconstructed image 718 may be used in the predictor 714 ormay be passed to a filter 720. The filter 720, if used, applies afiltering which outputs a final reconstructed signal 722. The finalreconstructed signal 722 may be stored in a reference frame memory 724,the reference frame memory 724 further being connected to the predictor714 for prediction operations.

Also the prediction error decoder 702 receives the output of the entropydecoder 701. A dequantizer 792 of the prediction error decoder 702 maydequantize the output of the entropy decoder 701 and the inversetransform block 793 may perform an inverse transform operation to thedequantized signal output by the dequantizer 792. The output of theentropy decoder 701 may also indicate that prediction error signal isnot to be applied and in this case the prediction error decoder producesan all zero output signal.

The decoder selects the 16×16 pixel residual macroblock to reconstruct.This residual macroblock is also called as a current block.

The decoder may receive information on the encoding mode used inencoding of the current block. The indication is decoded, whennecessary, and provided to the reconstruction processor 791 of theprediction selector 714. The reconstruction processor 791 examines theindication and selects one of the intra-prediction mode(s), if theindication indicates that the block has been encoded usingintra-prediction, or the inter-prediction mode, if the indicationindicates that the block has been encoded using inter-prediction.

For inter-prediction mode the reconstruction processor 791 may compriseone or more elements corresponding to the prediction processor 362 ofthe encoder, such as a motion vector definer, a prediction list modifierand/or a motion vector selector.

The reconstruction processor 791 initializes a motion vector predictionlist to default values in block 800. As was the case in the encodingpart, in this example the spatial motion prediction candidates are thespatial neighbour blocks A0, A1, B0, B1, B2 and these spatial motionprediction candidates are processed in the same predetermined order thanin the encoder: A1, B1, B0, A0 and B2. The first spatial motionprediction candidate to be selected for further examination is thus A1.Before further examination is performed for the selected spatial motionprediction candidate, it is examined whether the merge list alreadycontains a maximum number of spatial motion prediction candidates. Ifthe number of spatial motion prediction candidates in the merge list isnot less than the maximum number, the selected spatial motion predictioncandidate is not included in the merge list and the process ofconstructing the merge list can be stopped 826. On the other hand, ifthe number of spatial motion prediction candidates in the merge list isless than the maximum number, a further analyses of the selected spatialmotion prediction candidate is performed (blocks 804-822).

The decoder examines 804 if the prediction unit or block covering thespatial motion prediction candidate block is not available for motionprediction. If so, the candidate is not included in the merge list. Thereason that the block is not available may be that the block is eithercoded in intra mode or resides in a different slice or outside of thepicture area.

In addition to the common conditions above, for each spatial motionprediction candidate, if any of the following conditions holds, then thecandidate is not included in the merge list, otherwise, it is included.

The decoder determines 806 which spatial motion prediction candidate ofthe set of spatial motion prediction candidates is in question. If thespatial motion prediction candidate is the block A1, one or more of thefollowing conditions may be examined 808, 810 to determine whether toinclude this spatial motion prediction candidate in the merge list ornot. If the current coding unit 100 is vertically split into tworectangle prediction units 103, 104 as depicted in FIG. 10b and thecurrent prediction unit is the second prediction unit 104 in thecoding/decoding order (808), this spatial motion prediction candidate isnot included in the merge list. If the current coding unit 100 is notvertically split into two rectangle prediction units but it ishorizontally split into two rectangle prediction units 101, 102 asdepicted in FIG. 10a and the current prediction unit is the secondprediction unit in the coding/decoding order and the block A1 has thesame motion information as the block B1 (810), this spatial motionprediction candidate (block A1) is not included in the merge list. Inthe example of FIG. 10a the second prediction unit is the lowerprediction unit 102 of the coding unit 100 and in the example of FIG.10b the second prediction unit is the rightmost prediction unit 104 ofthe coding unit 100. If none of the conditions above is fulfilled theblock A1 is included in the merge list as a spatial motion predictioncandidate (824).

If the spatial motion prediction candidate is the block B1, one or moreof the following conditions may be examined 812, 814 to determinewhether to include this spatial motion prediction candidate in the mergelist or not. If the current coding unit 100 is horizontally split intotwo rectangle prediction units 101, 102 as depicted in FIG. 10a and thecurrent prediction unit is the second prediction unit 104 in thecoding/decoding order (812), this spatial motion prediction candidate isnot included in the merge list. If the current coding unit 100 is nothorizontally split into two rectangle prediction units and if the blockB1 has the same motion information than the block A1 (814), this spatialmotion prediction candidate (block B1) is not included in the mergelist. If none of the conditions above is fulfilled the block B1 isincluded in the merge list as a spatial motion prediction candidate(824).

If the spatial motion prediction candidate is the block B0, this spatialmotion prediction candidate is not included in the merge list if theblock B0 has the same motion information than the block B1 (816).Otherwise, if the number of spatial motion prediction candidates in themerge list is less than the maximum number of spatial motion predictioncandidates, this spatial motion prediction candidate (block B0) isincluded in the merge list (824).

If the spatial motion prediction candidate is the block A0, this spatialmotion prediction candidate is not included in the merge list if theblock A0 has the same motion information than the block A1 (818).Otherwise, if the number of spatial motion prediction candidates in themerge list is less than the maximum number of spatial motion predictioncandidates, this spatial motion prediction candidate (block A0) isincluded in the merge list (824).

If the spatial motion prediction candidate is the block B2, this spatialmotion prediction candidate is not included in the merge list if themaximum number of spatial motion prediction candidates is four and theother blocks A0, A1, B0, and B1 are all decided to be included in themerge list (820). Otherwise, if the number of spatial motion predictioncandidates in the merge list is less than the maximum number of spatialmotion prediction candidates, the block B2 is not included in the mergelist if the block B2 has the same motion information than the block B1or the block A1 (822).

Then, after processing the blocks A1, B1, B0, A0 and B2 and including asubset of them in the merge list based on the above describedconditions, no more redundancy check between these candidates areperformed and remaining temporal motion prediction candidate and/orother possible additional candidates may be processed.

When the merge list has been constructed the decoder may use 828 theindication of the motion vector received from the encoder to select themotion vector for decoding the current block. The indication may be, forexample, an index to the merge list.

Basically, after the reconstruction processor 791 has constructed themerge list, it would correspond with the merge list constructed by theencoder if the reconstruction processor 791 has the same informationavailable than the encoder had. If some information has been lost duringtransmission the information from the encoder to the decoder, it mayaffect the generation of the merge list in the decoder 700.

The above examples describe the operation mainly in the merge mode butthe encoder and decoder may also operate in other modes.

The embodiments of the invention described above describe the codec interms of separate encoder and decoder apparatus in order to assist theunderstanding of the processes involved. However, it would beappreciated that the apparatus, structures and operations may beimplemented as a single encoder-decoder apparatus/structure/operation.Furthermore in some embodiments of the invention the coder and decodermay share some or all common elements.

Although the above examples describe embodiments of the inventionoperating within a codec within an electronic device, it would beappreciated that the invention as described below may be implemented aspart of any video codec. Thus, for example, embodiments of the inventionmay be implemented in a video codec which may implement video codingover fixed or wired communication paths.

Thus, user equipment may comprise a video codec such as those describedin embodiments of the invention above.

It shall be appreciated that the term user equipment is intended tocover any suitable type of wireless user equipment, such as mobiletelephones, portable data processing devices or portable web browsers.

Furthermore elements of a public land mobile network (PLMN) may alsocomprise video codecs as described above.

In general, the various embodiments of the invention may be implementedin hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or anycombination thereof. For example, some aspects may be implemented inhardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or softwarewhich may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computingdevice, although the invention is not limited thereto. While variousaspects of the invention may be illustrated and described as blockdiagrams, flow charts, or using some other pictorial representation, itis well understood that these blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques ormethods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limitingexamples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits orlogic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computingdevices, or some combination thereof.

The embodiments of this invention may be implemented by computersoftware executable by a data processor of the mobile device, such as inthe processor entity, or by hardware, or by a combination of softwareand hardware. Further in this regard it should be noted that any blocksof the logic flow as in the Figures may represent program steps, orinterconnected logic circuits, blocks and functions, or a combination ofprogram steps and logic circuits, blocks and functions. The software maybe stored on such physical media as memory chips, or memory blocksimplemented within the processor, magnetic media such as hard disk orfloppy disks, and optical media such as for example DVD and the datavariants thereof, CD.

The memory may be of any type suitable to the local technicalenvironment and may be implemented using any suitable data storagetechnology, such as semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memorydevices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memoryand removable memory. The data processors may be of any type suitable tothe local technical environment, and may include one or more of generalpurpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digitalsignal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multi core processorarchitecture, as non limiting examples.

Embodiments of the inventions may be practiced in various componentssuch as integrated circuit modules. The design of integrated circuits isby and large a highly automated process. Complex and powerful softwaretools are available for converting a logic level design into asemiconductor circuit design ready to be etched and formed on asemiconductor substrate.

Programs, such as those provided by Synopsys, Inc. of Mountain View,Calif. and Cadence Design, of San Jose, Calif. automatically routeconductors and locate components on a semiconductor chip using wellestablished rules of design as well as libraries of pre stored designmodules. Once the design for a semiconductor circuit has been completed,the resultant design, in a standardized electronic format (e.g., Opus,GDSII, or the like) may be transmitted to a semiconductor fabricationfacility or “fab” for fabrication.

The foregoing description has provided by way of exemplary andnon-limiting examples a full and informative description of theexemplary embodiment of this invention. However, various modificationsand adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevantarts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction withthe accompanying drawings and the appended claims. However, all such andsimilar modifications of the teachings of this invention will still fallwithin the scope of this invention.

In the following some examples will be provided.

In some embodiments a method comprises:

receiving a block of pixels including a prediction unit; determining aset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates for the block ofpixels; the spatial motion vector prediction candidates being providedwith motion information;

selecting a first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from theset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included in a mergelist for the prediction unit;

determining a subset of spatial motion vector predictions based on thelocation of the block associated with the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate;

comparing motion information of the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate with motion information of the spatial motionvector prediction candidate in the determined subset of spatial motionvector prediction candidates;

if at least one of the comparisons indicates that the motion vectorinformation of the spatial motion vector prediction candidatescorrespond with each other, excluding the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list.

In some embodiments the method comprises including neighbouring blocksof the received block of pixels in the set of spatial motion vectorprediction candidates.

In some embodiments the method comprises constructing the set of spatialmotion vector predictions by using motion vectors of one or more encodedblocks in a same frame than the block of pixels.

In some embodiments the method comprises selecting spatial motion vectorprediction candidates from the set of spatial motion vector predictioncandidates as the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidatein a predetermined order.

In some embodiments the method comprises comparing motion information ofthe potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate with motioninformation of at most one other spatial motion vector predictioncandidate of the set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates.

In some embodiments the method comprises prediction unit and a secondprediction unit; and if so, excluding the potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate from the merge list if the prediction unitis the second prediction unit.

In some embodiments the method comprises

determining a maximum number of spatial motion vector predictioncandidates to be included in a merge list; and

limiting the number of spatial motion vector prediction candidates inthe merge list smaller or equal to the maximum number.

In some embodiments the method comprises

examining, if the number of spatial motion vector prediction candidatesin the merge list smaller than the maximum number;

if so, examining whether a prediction unit to which the potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate belongs is available formotion prediction;

if so, performing at least one of the following:

for the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate on the leftside of the prediction unit, excluding the potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate from the merge list if any of the followingconditions are fulfilled:

the received block of pixels is vertically divided into a firstprediction unit and a second prediction unit, and the prediction unit isthe second prediction unit;

the received block of pixels is horizontally divided into a firstprediction unit and a second prediction unit, and if the prediction unitis the second prediction unit, and the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate has essentially similar motion information than thespatial motion vector prediction candidate above the prediction unit;

for the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate above theprediction unit, excluding the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list if any of the followingconditions are fulfilled:

the received block of pixels is horizontally divided into a firstprediction unit and a second prediction unit, and the prediction unit isthe second prediction unit;

the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate has essentiallysimilar motion information than the spatial motion vector predictioncandidate on the left side of the prediction unit;

for the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate, which ison the right side of the potential spatial motion vector predictioncandidate above the prediction unit, excluding the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate from the merge list if the potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate has essentially similarmotion information than the spatial motion vector prediction candidateabove the prediction unit;

for the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate, which isbelow the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate on theleft side of the prediction unit, excluding the potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate from the merge list if the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate has essentially similar motioninformation than the spatial motion vector prediction candidate on theleft side of the prediction unit;

for the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate cornerwiseneighbouring the prediction unit, excluding the potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate from the merge list if any of the followingconditions are fulfilled:

all the other potential spatial motion vector prediction candidates havebeen included in the merge list;

the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate has essentiallysimilar motion information than the spatial motion vector predictioncandidate above the prediction unit;

the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate has essentiallysimilar motion information than the spatial motion vector predictioncandidate on the left side of the prediction unit.

In some embodiments the method comprises including a temporal motionprediction candidate into the merge list.

In some embodiments the method comprises selecting one motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list to represent a motion vectorprediction for the block of pixels.

In some embodiments a method according to the second aspect comprises:

receiving an encoded block of pixels including a prediction unit;

determining a set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates for theencoded block of pixels; the spatial motion vector prediction candidatesbeing provided with motion information;

selecting a first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from theset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included in a mergelist for the prediction unit;

determining a subset of spatial motion vector predictions based on thelocation of the block associated with the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate;

comparing motion information of the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate with motion information of another spatial motionvector prediction candidate of the set of spatial motion vectorprediction candidates;

if at least one of the comparisons indicates that the motion vectorinformation of the spatial motion vector prediction candidatescorrespond with each other, excluding the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list.

In some embodiments the method comprises including neighbouring blocksof the received encoded block of pixels in the set of spatial motionvector prediction candidates.

In some embodiments the method comprises constructing the set of spatialmotion vector predictions by using motion vectors of one or more decodedblocks in a same frame than the received encoded block of pixels.

In some embodiments the method comprises selecting spatial motion vectorprediction candidates from the set of spatial motion vector predictioncandidates as the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidatein a predetermined order.

In some embodiments the method comprises comparing motion information ofthe potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate with motioninformation of at most one other spatial motion vector predictioncandidate of the set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates.

In some embodiments the method comprises examining whether the receivedencoded block of pixels is divided into a first prediction unit and asecond prediction unit; and if so, excluding the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate from the merge list if the predictionunit is the second prediction unit.

In some embodiments the method comprises

determining a maximum number of spatial motion vector predictioncandidates to be included in a merge list; and

limiting the number of spatial motion vector prediction candidates inthe merge list smaller or equal to the maximum number.

In some embodiments the method comprises

examining, if the number of spatial motion vector prediction candidatesin the merge list smaller than the maximum number;

if so, examining whether a prediction unit to which the potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate belongs is available formotion prediction;

if so, performing at least one of the following:

for the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate on the leftside of the prediction unit, excluding the potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate from the merge list if any of the followingconditions are fulfilled:

the received encoded block of pixels is vertically divided into a firstprediction unit and a second prediction unit, and the prediction unit isthe second prediction unit;

the received encoded block of pixels is horizontally divided into afirst prediction unit and a second prediction unit, and if theprediction unit is the second prediction unit, and the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate has essentially similar motioninformation than the spatial motion vector prediction candidate abovethe prediction unit;

for the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate above theprediction unit, excluding the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list if any of the followingconditions are fulfilled:

the received encoded block of pixels is horizontally divided into afirst prediction unit and a second prediction unit, and the predictionunit is the second prediction unit;

the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate has essentiallysimilar motion information than the spatial motion vector predictioncandidate on the left side of the prediction unit;

for the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate, which ison the right side of the potential spatial motion vector predictioncandidate above the prediction unit, excluding the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate from the merge list if the potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate has essentially similarmotion information than the spatial motion vector prediction candidateabove the prediction unit;

for the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate, which isbelow the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate on theleft side of the prediction unit, excluding the potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate from the merge list if the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate has essentially similar motioninformation than the spatial motion vector prediction candidate on theleft side of the prediction unit;

for the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate cornerwiseneighbouring the prediction unit, excluding the potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate from the merge list if any of the followingconditions are fulfilled:

all the other potential spatial motion vector prediction candidates havebeen included in the merge list;

the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate has essentiallysimilar motion information than the spatial motion vector predictioncandidate above the prediction unit;

the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate has essentiallysimilar motion information than the spatial motion vector predictioncandidate on the left side of the prediction unit.

In some embodiments the method comprises including a temporal motionprediction candidate into the merge list.

In some embodiments the method comprises selecting one motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list to represent a motion vectorprediction for the received encoded block of pixels.

In some embodiments an apparatus according to the third aspect comprisesa processor and a memory including computer program code, the memory andthe computer program code configured to, with the processor, cause theapparatus to:

receive a block of pixels

including a prediction unit;

determining a set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates for theblock of pixels; the spatial motion vector prediction candidates beingprovided with motion information;

selecting a first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from theset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included in a mergelist for the prediction unit;

determining a subset of spatial motion vector predictions based on thelocation of the block associated with the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate;

comparing motion information of the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate with motion information of the spatial motionvector prediction candidate in the determined subset of spatial motionvector prediction candidates;

if at least one the comparisons indicates that the motion vectorinformation of the spatial motion vector prediction candidatescorrespond with each other, excluding the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list.

In some embodiments an apparatus according to the fourth aspectcomprises a processor and a memory including computer program code, thememory and the computer program code configured to, with the processor,cause the apparatus to:

receive an encoded block of pixels including a prediction unit;

determine a set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates for theencoded block of pixels; the spatial motion vector prediction candidatesbeing provided with motion information;

select a first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from the setof spatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate to be included in a merge list forthe prediction unit;

determine a subset of spatial motion vector predictions based on thelocation of the block associated with the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate;

compare motion information of the first spatial motion vector predictioncandidate with motion information of the spatial motion vectorprediction candidate in the determined subset of spatial motion vectorprediction candidates;

exclude the first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from themerge list, if at least one of the comparisons indicates that the motionvector information of the spatial motion vector prediction candidatescorrespond with each other

In some embodiments a storage medium having stored thereon a computerprogram code a computer executable program code for use by an encoder,said program codes comprise instructions for use by an encoder, saidprogram code comprises instructions for:

receiving a block of pixels including a prediction unit;

determining a set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates for theblock of pixels; the spatial motion vector prediction candidates beingprovided with motion information;

selecting a first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from theset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included in a mergelist for the prediction unit;

determining a subset of spatial motion vector predictions based on thelocation of the block associated with the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate;

comparing motion information of the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate with motion information of the spatial motionvector prediction candidate in the determined subset of spatial motionvector prediction candidates;

if at least one of the comparisons indicates that the motion vectorinformation of the spatial motion vector prediction candidatescorrespond with each other, excluding the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list.

In some embodiments a storage medium having stored thereon a computerprogram code a computer executable program code for use by an encoder,said program codes comprise instructions for use by an encoder, saidprogram code comprises instructions for:

receiving an encoded block of pixels including a prediction unit;

determining a set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates for theencoded block of pixels; the spatial motion vector prediction candidatesbeing provided with motion information;

selecting a first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from theset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included in a mergelist for the prediction unit;

determining a subset of spatial motion vector predictions based on thelocation of the block associated with the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate;

comparing motion information of the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate with motion information of the spatial motionvector prediction candidate in the determined subset of spatial motionvector prediction candidates;

if at least one of the comparisons indicates that the motion vectorinformation of the spatial motion vector prediction candidatescorrespond with each other, excluding the first spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list.

In some embodiments an apparatus comprises:

means for receiving a block of pixels including a prediction unit;

means for selecting a first spatial motion vector prediction candidatefrom the set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as apotential spatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included in amerge list for the prediction unit;

means for determining a subset of spatial motion vector predictionsbased on the location of the block associated with the first spatialmotion vector prediction candidate;

means for comparing motion information of the first spatial motionvector prediction candidate with motion information of the spatialmotion vector prediction candidate in the determined subset of spatialmotion vector prediction candidates;

means for excluding the first spatial motion vector prediction candidatefrom the merge list, if at least one of the comparisons indicates thatthe motion vector information of the spatial motion vector predictioncandidates correspond with each other.

In some embodiments an apparatus comprises:

means for receiving an encoded block of pixels including a predictionunit;

means for determining a set of spatial motion vector predictioncandidates for the encoded block of pixels; the spatial motion vectorprediction candidates being provided with motion information;

means for selecting a first spatial motion vector prediction candidatefrom the set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as apotential spatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included in amerge list for the prediction unit;

means for determining a subset of spatial motion vector predictionsbased on the location of the block associated with the first spatialmotion vector prediction candidate;

means for comparing motion information of the first spatial motionvector prediction candidate with motion information of the spatialmotion vector prediction candidate in the determined subset of spatialmotion vector prediction candidates;

means for excluding the first spatial motion vector prediction candidatefrom the merge list, if at least one of the comparisons indicates thatthe motion vector information of the spatial motion vector predictioncandidates correspond with each other.

1. A method comprising: determining a set of spatial motion vectorprediction candidates for a block of pixels, the spatial motion vectorprediction candidates being provided with motion information; selectinga first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from the set ofspatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate to be included in a merge list for aprediction unit of the block of pixels, where the merge list isconstructed based on the motion information of the spatial motion vectorprediction candidates and is utilized to identify motion vectorprediction candidates of which one spatial motion vector predictioncandidate from the merge list is signaled as the motion information forthe prediction unit; determining a subset of spatial motion vectorprediction candidates based on a location of the block associated withthe first spatial motion vector prediction candidate; comparing motioninformation of the first spatial motion vector prediction candidate withmotion information of spatial motion vector prediction candidates in thedetermined subset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates withoutmaking a comparison of each possible candidate pair from the set ofspatial motion vector prediction candidates, wherein comparing comprisesperforming an equivalence check or comparing a difference in motioninformation to a threshold or other similarity metric; and causinginformation identifying the one spatial motion vector predictioncandidate from the merge list to be transmitted to a decoder or to bestored.
 2. The method according to claim 1 further comprising selectingspatial motion vector prediction candidates from the set of spatialmotion vector prediction candidates as the potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate in a predetermined order.
 3. The methodaccording to claim 1, further comprising comparing motion information ofthe potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate with motioninformation of at most one other spatial motion vector predictioncandidate of the set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates. 4.The method according to claim 1 further comprising examining whether theblock of pixels is divided into a first prediction unit and a secondprediction unit; and if so, excluding the potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate from the merge list if the prediction unitis the second prediction unit.
 5. The method according to claim 1,further comprising determining a maximum number of spatial motion vectorprediction candidates to be included in the merge list; and limiting thenumber of spatial motion vector prediction candidates in the merge listsmaller or equal to the maximum number.
 6. The method according to claim5 comprising: examining, if the number of spatial motion vectorprediction candidates in the merge list smaller than the maximum number;if so, examining whether the prediction unit to which the potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate belongs is available formotion prediction; if so, performing at least one of the following: fora potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate on a left side ofthe prediction unit, excluding the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list if any of the followingconditions are fulfilled: the received block of pixels is verticallydivided into a first prediction unit and a second prediction unit; thereceived block of pixels is horizontally divided into a first predictionunit and a second prediction unit, and if the prediction unit is thesecond prediction unit, and the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate has essentially similar motion information than aspatial motion vector prediction candidate above the prediction unit;for a potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate above theprediction unit, excluding the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list if any of the followingconditions are fulfilled: the received block of pixels is horizontallydivided into a first prediction unit and a second prediction unit, andthe prediction unit is the second prediction unit; the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate has essentially similar motioninformation than the spatial motion vector prediction candidate on theleft side of the prediction unit; for a potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate, which is on a right side of the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate above the prediction unit, excludingthe potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate from the mergelist if the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate hasessentially similar motion information than the spatial motion vectorprediction candidate above the prediction unit; for a potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate, which is below the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate on the left side of the predictionunit, excluding the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidatefrom the merge list if the potential spatial motion vector predictioncandidate has essentially similar motion information than the spatialmotion vector prediction candidate on the left side of the predictionunit; for a potential spatial motion vector prediction candidatecornerwise neighbouring the prediction unit, excluding the potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate from the merge list if any ofthe following conditions are fulfilled: all the other potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidates have been included in the mergelist; the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate hasessentially similar motion information than the spatial motion vectorprediction candidate above the prediction unit; the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate has essentially similar motioninformation than the spatial motion vector prediction candidate on theleft side of the prediction unit.
 7. The method according to claim 1further comprising including a temporal motion prediction candidate intothe merge list.
 8. The method according to claim 1 further comprisingselecting one motion vector prediction candidate from the merge list torepresent a motion vector prediction for the block of pixels.
 9. Amethod comprising: determining a set of spatial motion vector predictioncandidates for an encoded block of pixels, the spatial motion vectorprediction candidates being provided with motion information; selectinga first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from the set ofspatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate to be included in a merge list for aprediction unit of the encoded block of pixels, where the merge list isconstructed based on the motion information of the spatial motion vectorprediction candidates; determining a subset of spatial motion vectorprediction candidates based on the location of the block associated withthe first spatial motion vector prediction candidate; comparing motioninformation of the first spatial motion vector prediction candidate withmotion information of another spatial motion vector prediction candidateof the set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates without makinga comparison of each possible candidate pair from the set of spatialmotion vector prediction candidates, wherein comparing comprisesperforming an equivalence check or comparing a difference in motioninformation to a threshold or other similarity metric; and selecting aspatial motion vector prediction candidate from the merge list for usein decoding the encoded block of pixels, wherein the spatial motionvector prediction candidate is selected from the merge list usinginformation that was received identifying a respective spatial motionvector prediction candidate from the merge list constructed by anencoder.
 10. The method according to claim 9 further comprisingcomparing motion information of the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate with motion information of at most one otherspatial motion vector prediction candidate of the set of spatial motionvector prediction candidates.
 11. The method according to claim 9further comprising examining whether the received encoded block ofpixels is divided into a first prediction unit and a second predictionunit; and if so, excluding the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list if the prediction unit is thesecond prediction unit.
 12. The method according to claim 9 furthercomprising determining a maximum number of spatial motion vectorprediction candidates to be included in the merge list; and limiting thenumber of spatial motion vector prediction candidates in the merge listsmaller or equal to the maximum number.
 13. The method according toclaim 12 further comprising: examining, if the number of spatial motionvector prediction candidates in the merge list smaller than the maximumnumber; if so, examining whether the prediction unit to which thepotential spatial motion vector prediction candidate belongs isavailable for motion prediction; if so, performing at least one of thefollowing: for a potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate ona left side of the prediction unit, excluding the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate from the merge list if any of thefollowing conditions are fulfilled: the received encoded block of pixelsis vertically divided into a first prediction unit and a secondprediction unit; the received encoded block of pixels is horizontallydivided into a first prediction unit and a second prediction unit, andif the prediction unit is the second prediction unit, and the potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate has essentially similarmotion information than a spatial motion vector prediction candidateabove the prediction unit; for a potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate above the prediction unit, excluding the potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate from the merge list if any ofthe following conditions are fulfilled: the received encoded block ofpixels is horizontally divided into a first prediction unit and a secondprediction unit, and the prediction unit is the second prediction unit;the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate has essentiallysimilar motion information than the spatial motion vector predictioncandidate on the left side of the prediction unit; for a potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate, which is on a right side ofthe potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate above theprediction unit, excluding the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list if the potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate has essentially similar motion informationthan the spatial motion vector prediction candidate above the predictionunit; for a potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate, whichis below the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate on theleft side of the prediction unit, excluding the potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate from the merge list if the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate has essentially similar motioninformation than the spatial motion vector prediction candidate on theleft side of the prediction unit; and for a potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate cornerwise neighbouring the prediction unit,excluding the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate fromthe merge list if any of the following conditions are fulfilled: all theother potential spatial motion vector prediction candidates have beenincluded in the merge list; the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate has essentially similar motion information than thespatial motion vector prediction candidate above the prediction unit;the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate has essentiallysimilar motion information than the spatial motion vector predictioncandidate on the left side of the prediction unit.
 14. The methodaccording to claim 9 further comprising selecting one motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list to represent a motion vectorprediction for the encoded block of pixels.
 15. An apparatus comprisinga processor and a memory including computer program code, the memory andthe computer program code configured to, with the processor, cause theapparatus to: determine a set of spatial motion vector predictioncandidates for a block of pixels, the spatial motion vector predictioncandidates being provided with motion information; select a firstspatial motion vector prediction candidate from the set of spatialmotion vector prediction candidates as a potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate to be included in a merge list for a predictionunit of the block of pixels, where the merge list is constructed basedon the motion information of the spatial motion vector predictioncandidates and is utilized to identify motion vector predictioncandidates of which one spatial motion vector prediction candidate fromthe merge list is signaled as the motion information for the predictionunit; determine a subset of spatial motion vector prediction candidatesbased on the location of the block associated with the first spatialmotion vector prediction candidate; compare motion information of thefirst spatial motion vector prediction candidate with motion informationof the spatial motion vector prediction candidate in the determinedsubset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates without making acomparison of each possible candidate pair from the set of spatialmotion vector prediction candidates, wherein comparing comprisesperforming an equivalence check or comparing a difference in motioninformation to a threshold or other similarity metric; and causeinformation identifying the one spatial motion vector predictioncandidate from the merge list to be transmitted to a decoder or to bestored.
 16. The apparatus according to claim 15 wherein the apparatus isfurther caused to select spatial motion vector prediction candidatesfrom the set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as thepotential spatial motion vector prediction candidate in a predeterminedorder.
 17. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the apparatus isfurther caused to compare motion information of the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate with motion information of at mostone other spatial motion vector prediction candidate of the set ofspatial motion vector prediction candidates.
 18. The apparatus accordingto claim 15 wherein the apparatus is further caused to examine whetherthe block of pixels is divided into a first prediction unit and a secondprediction unit; and if so, exclude the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list if the prediction unit is thesecond prediction unit.
 19. The apparatus according to claim 15, whereinthe apparatus is further caused to: determine a maximum number ofspatial motion vector prediction candidates to be included in the mergelist; and limit the number of spatial motion vector predictioncandidates in the merge list smaller or equal to the maximum number. 20.The apparatus according to claim 19 wherein the apparatus is furthercaused to: examine, if the number of spatial motion vector predictioncandidates in the merge list smaller than the maximum number; if so,examine whether the prediction unit to which the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate belongs is available for motionprediction; if so, perform at least one of the following: for apotential spatial motion vector prediction candidate on a left side ofthe prediction unit, exclude the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate from the merge list if any of the followingconditions are fulfilled: the received block of pixels is verticallydivided into a first prediction unit and a second prediction unit; thereceived block of pixels is horizontally divided into a first predictionunit and a second prediction unit, and if the prediction unit is thesecond prediction unit, and the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate has essentially similar motion information than aspatial motion vector prediction candidate above the prediction unit;for a potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate above theprediction unit, exclude the potential spatial motion vector predictioncandidate from the merge list if any of the following conditions arefulfilled: the received block of pixels is horizontally divided into afirst prediction unit and a second prediction unit, and the predictionunit is the second prediction unit; the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate has essentially similar motion information than thespatial motion vector prediction candidate on the left side of theprediction unit; for a potential spatial motion vector predictioncandidate, which is on a right side of the potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate above the prediction unit, exclude thepotential spatial motion vector prediction candidate from the merge listif the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate hasessentially similar motion information than the spatial motion vectorprediction candidate above the prediction unit; for a potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate, which is below the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate on the left side of the predictionunit, exclude the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidatefrom the merge list if the potential spatial motion vector predictioncandidate has essentially similar motion information than the spatialmotion vector prediction candidate on the left side of the predictionunit; for a potential spatial motion vector prediction candidatecornerwise neighbouring the prediction unit, exclude the potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate from the merge list if any ofthe following conditions are fulfilled: all the other potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidates have been included in the mergelist; the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate hasessentially similar motion information than the spatial motion vectorprediction candidate above the prediction unit; the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate has essentially similar motioninformation than the spatial motion vector prediction candidate on theleft side of the prediction unit.
 21. The apparatus according to claim15 wherein the apparatus is further caused to include a temporal motionprediction candidate into the merge list.
 22. The apparatus according toclaim 15 wherein the apparatus is further caused to select one motionvector prediction candidate from the merge list to represent a motionvector prediction for the block of pixels.
 23. An apparatus comprising aprocessor and a memory including computer program code, the memory andthe computer program code configured to, with the processor, cause theapparatus to: determine a set of spatial motion vector predictioncandidates for an encoded block of pixels, the spatial motion vectorprediction candidates being provided with motion information; select afirst spatial motion vector prediction candidate from the set of spatialmotion vector prediction candidates as a potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate to be included in a merge list for a predictionunit of the encoded block of pixels, where the merge list is constructedbased on the motion information of the spatial motion vector predictioncandidates; determine a subset of spatial motion vector predictioncandidates based on the location of the block associated with the firstspatial motion vector prediction candidate; compare motion informationof the first spatial motion vector prediction candidate with motioninformation of the spatial motion vector prediction candidate in thedetermined subset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates withoutmaking a comparison of each possible candidate pair from the set ofspatial motion vector prediction candidates, wherein comparing comprisesperforming an equivalence check or comparing a difference in motioninformation to a threshold or other similarity metric; and select aspatial motion vector prediction candidate from the merge list for usein decoding the encoded block of pixels, wherein the spatial motionvector prediction candidate is selected from the merge list usinginformation that was received identifying a respective spatial motionvector prediction candidate from the merge list constructed by anencoder.
 24. The apparatus according to claim 23 wherein the apparatusis further caused to compare motion information of the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate with motion information of at mostone other spatial motion vector prediction candidate of the set ofspatial motion vector prediction candidates.
 25. The apparatus accordingto claim 23 wherein the apparatus is further caused to examine whetherthe received encoded block of pixels is divided into a first predictionunit and a second prediction unit; and if so, exclude the potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate from the merge list if theprediction unit is the second prediction unit.
 26. The apparatusaccording to claim 23 wherein the apparatus is further caused to:determine a maximum number of spatial motion vector predictioncandidates to be included in the merge list; and limit the number ofspatial motion vector prediction candidates in the merge list smaller orequal to the maximum number.
 27. The apparatus according to claim 26wherein the apparatus is further caused to: examine if the number ofspatial motion vector prediction candidates in the merge list smallerthan the maximum number; if so, examine whether the prediction unit towhich the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate belongsis available for motion prediction; if so, perform at least one of thefollowing: for a potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate ona left side of the prediction unit, exclude the potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate from the merge list if any of the followingconditions are fulfilled: the received encoded block of pixels isvertically divided into a first prediction unit and a second predictionunit; the received encoded block of pixels is horizontally divided intoa first prediction unit and a second prediction unit, and if theprediction unit is the second prediction unit, and the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate has essentially similar motioninformation than a spatial motion vector prediction candidate above theprediction unit; for a potential spatial motion vector predictioncandidate above the prediction unit, exclude the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate from the merge list if any of thefollowing conditions are fulfilled: the received encoded block of pixelsis horizontally divided into a first prediction unit and a secondprediction unit, and the prediction unit is the second prediction unit;the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate has essentiallysimilar motion information than the spatial motion vector predictioncandidate on the left side of the prediction unit; for a potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate, which is on a right side ofthe potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate above theprediction unit, exclude the potential spatial motion vector predictioncandidate from the merge list if the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate has essentially similar motion information than thespatial motion vector prediction candidate above the prediction unit;for a potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate, which isbelow the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate on theleft side of the prediction unit, exclude the potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate from the merge list if the potential spatialmotion vector prediction candidate has essentially similar motioninformation than the spatial motion vector prediction candidate on theleft side of the prediction unit; and for a potential spatial motionvector prediction candidate cornerwise neighbouring the prediction unit,exclude the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate fromthe merge list if any of the following conditions are fulfilled: all theother potential spatial motion vector prediction candidates have beenincluded in the merge list; the potential spatial motion vectorprediction candidate has essentially similar motion information than thespatial motion vector prediction candidate above the prediction unit;the potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate has essentiallysimilar motion information than the spatial motion vector predictioncandidate on the left side of the prediction unit.
 28. The apparatusaccording to claim 23 wherein the apparatus is further caused to selectone motion vector prediction candidate from the merge list to representa motion vector prediction for the received encoded block of pixels. 29.A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon acomputer executable program code for use by an encoder, said programcodes comprising instructions for: determining a set of spatial motionvector prediction candidates for a block of pixels, the spatial motionvector prediction candidates being provided with motion information;selecting a first spatial motion vector prediction candidate from theset of spatial motion vector prediction candidates as a potentialspatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included in a mergelist for a prediction unit of the block of pixels, where the merge listis constructed based on the motion information of the spatial motionvector prediction candidates and is utilized to identify motion vectorprediction candidates of which one spatial motion vector predictioncandidate from the merge list is signaled as the motion information forthe prediction unit; determining a subset of spatial motion vectorprediction candidates based on the location of the block associated withthe first spatial motion vector prediction candidate; comparing motioninformation of the first spatial motion vector prediction candidate withmotion information of the spatial motion vector prediction candidate inthe determined subset of spatial motion vector prediction candidateswithout making a comparison of each possible candidate pair from the setof spatial motion vector prediction candidates, wherein comparingcomprises performing an equivalence check or comparing a difference inmotion information to a threshold or other similarity metric; andcausing information identifying the one spatial motion vector predictioncandidate from the merge list to be transmitted to a decoder or to bestored.
 30. A non-transitory computer readable medium having storedthereon a computer executable program code for use by an encoder, saidprogram codes comprising instructions for: determining a set of spatialmotion vector prediction candidates for an encoded block of pixels, thespatial motion vector prediction candidates being provided with motioninformation; selecting a first spatial motion vector predictioncandidate from the set of spatial motion vector prediction candidates asa potential spatial motion vector prediction candidate to be included ina merge list for a prediction unit of the encoded block of pixels, wherethe merge list is constructed based on the motion information of thespatial motion vector prediction candidates; determining a subset ofspatial motion vector prediction candidates based on the location of theblock associated with the first spatial motion vector predictioncandidate; comparing motion information of the first spatial motionvector prediction candidate with motion information of the spatialmotion vector prediction candidate in the determined subset of spatialmotion vector prediction candidates without making a comparison of eachpossible candidate pair from the set of spatial motion vector predictioncandidates, wherein comparing comprises performing an equivalence checkor comparing a difference in motion information to a threshold or othersimilarity metric; and selecting a spatial motion vector predictioncandidate from the merge list for use in decoding the encoded block ofpixels, wherein the spatial motion vector prediction candidate isselected from the merge list using information that was receivedidentifying a respective spatial motion vector prediction candidate fromthe merge list constructed by an encoder.